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   [A1701]费加罗的2017持续能力训练记录-2017 0315更新 - 成长会2017 - 群论坛
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      [A1701]费加罗的2017持续能力训练记录-2017 0315更新
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              141#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:09:51">
              2017-02-14 07:09:51
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               婴宁（二）
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-13
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGjYd5Q1kkAwfJdtxxV3h%2F2EaePt3gJLD%2B%2FWU%2FPtgBigipBmbFb9%2Fo7IAbmObapScRF2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwRxwqH0bKcMCa%2FnJELspIB7g%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdfd2cb634ebc1f79a0163eb75e1cce26793c28d178c54ec7549aaf03ffd3d35ee41604f##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                生拾花怅然，神魂丧失，怏怏遂犯。至
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 家，藏花枕底，垂头而睡，不与亦不食。母忧之。醮禳益剧，肌革锐减。医师诊视，投剂发表。忽忽若迷。母抚问所由，默然不答。适吴生来，嘱密诘之。吴至榻前，生见之泪下。吴就榻慰解，渐致研诘，生具吐其实，且求谋画。吴笑曰：“君意亦复痴！此愿有何难遂？当代访之。徒步于野，必非世家。如其未字，事固谐矣；不然，拚以重赂，计必允遂。但得痊廖，成事在我。”
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                Wang picked up the flower and ,feeling dizzy and disconsolate,he went home.Once home,he hid the plum blossom branch beneath his pillow and lay down to sleep,refusing to speak or to eat.His mother,worried,invited monks and priests to the house to driver away the evil spirits,but nothing seemed to prevent his illness from getting worse.All at once,he became very thin.Doctors could only relieve him of obvious symptoms,but he fell into a trance.The mother caressed him and asked what caused his illness,but he kept his silence.Just then,his cousin Wu came.Wang's mother begged him to secretly get the truth out of his son.So Wu went over to the bed.When Wang saw it was him,tears rolled down his checks.Sitting on the edge of the bed,Wu tried to comfort him,gradually turning to the subject of his illness's cause.Wang confided the whole story,begging his cousin to help him.Wu laughed and said."You are much too obssessed!What's so difficult about fulfilling your wish?I'll go and find her for you.Since she was walking on the outskirts of town without a carriage or a sedan chair,she can't be from a rich and noble family.If she's not engaged yet,marrying her shouldn't be a problem.Even if she is engaged,so long as you're willing to give a lot of presents,her parents will surely agree to let you marry her.I'll do it if it will cure you of your illness,Just leave it to me!
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
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              142#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:10:06">
              2017-02-14 07:10:06
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               突变或遗传例外对否定父权的影响
              </h2>
              <div style="margin:0px 0px 18px;padding:0px;font-size:0px;position:relative;z-index:1;font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif">
               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-14
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGi6hEiUV2WZCGc88obhJrutkbUcrXMFeMYqnftLiCjb%2Ba7I%2Bd7lUnypnFOj%2F8EDTPt2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwRzBnhTr9p1pH8%2FycllWExjQ%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf82cb634ee28ac1a4c9d2a27bf9302b821c5ba08fc1b1b67047b8cfb060452b23d160f##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                昨天我们讲了系统的非父排除概率能力。对于具体个案来说，就是突变或遗传例外对否定父权的影响，也就是你可能面临错误的排除，特别是面对STR。虽然目前法医学上，主要的遗传标记都是STR，但是STR的突变率比ABO血型要高的多，因此我们必须考虑到，STR的突变对亲子鉴定面临错误判断的风险，这是必须估计到的。
               </p>
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                那么STR为什么比ABO血型的突变率高呢，我们知道STR产生的原因，也就是它有多态性的原因主要是复制滑动。也就是通过复制滑动可以增加一个重复单位，或者减少一个复制单位。
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                比方说VWA，这个人的基因型是14-17,通过复制滑动之后，就可能是14-18，那这个18就比17多了一个重复单位，这个就是最典型的一个复制滑动的现象。又比方说，D8S1179原来是9-12，通过复制滑动之后，它原来的9可能减少一个重复单位，成为8-12。这是STR最典型的一个复制滑动的现象。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这样一种现象呢，在我们的实际操作中，经常遇到。比方说，用profiler plus这个试剂盒，检测D8S1179的时候，就会出现10例无效基因，这个无效基因和复制滑动有细微的区别。复制滑动是人类本身突变造成的，但是呢，这种无效基因是设计到我们检材的时候，我们的PCR的引物结合到了扩增区，刚好扩增区，有一个突变，这个引物就结合不上去了，导致那个等位基因检测不出来，我们就叫做无效等位基因。所以这是D8S1179被历史所证明，出现这种无效基因的概率为0.5%。又比方说另外一个试剂盒，对D13S317也会出现无效基因的现象。当然，也可以采取重新扩增引物来解决，但是在实际案例当中，你并不能够预知到它是一个突变，它是一个复制滑动，它是一个无效等位基因，那么怎么办呢？
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                明天我们从防止错误否定父权的方法，开始
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 讲
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              143#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              2017-02-14 07:10:17
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               婴宁（三）
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                2017-02-14
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                费加罗的表弟
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                生闻之，不觉解颐。吴出告母，物色女子居里。而探访既穷，并无踪绪。母大忧，无所为计。然自吴去后，颜顿开，食亦略进。数日，吴复来。生问所谋。
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                Hearing this,Wang was all smiles.Wu then told Wang's mother what had led to it all and
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 proceeded to
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                search for the girl's
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                 whereabouts
                </strong>
                .He tried everywhere,but could
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 find no trace of
                </strong>
                her.This worried the mother even more,but she couldn't think of any solution.Meanwhile,after Wu had left,Wang's face
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 lit up
                </strong>
                and his appetite improved.A few days later,Wu came again.Wang asked him how things were going
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span style="color:rgb(62, 62, 62);font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px">
              比如说，性犯罪案件中，毛发、皮肤细胞、精液、血液等生物证据可能遗留在受害者体内或者犯罪现场的其他角落。正确收集的DNA可以与已知样本进行比对，确定犯罪嫌疑人。如果没有嫌疑犯，则犯罪嫌疑人收集到的DNA指纹就可以被送至已经建立的DNA数据库，与当地寻找嫌疑犯或与其他犯罪行动联系起来。要想有效把DNA作为证据，我们还需要收集分析对照样本，以确定DNA来源。
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               防止错误否定父权
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                2017-02-15
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                费加罗的表弟
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                防止错误否定父权的办法，有这样一些。比方说，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 用不同批号的试剂，在不同的实验室，来重复实验
                </strong>
                。用一个商品化的试剂，可能会遇到错误的排除。但是可以用不同试剂，在不同的实验室来重复。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 也可以通过家系调查来确定它的基因型，也可以检测更多的遗传标记。
                </strong>
                但是这样一些办法，都不可能避免实际中遇到的一种情况，就是我们检测一组遗传标记之后，比方说，我们可能有一个遗传标记要排除父权，而其余的呢，又不能够排除，这些都不可避免，怎么办呢？我们可以计算一下，首先我们规定，在我们选择STR的时候，必须按照它的突变率不能够大于0.2%，也就是千分之二，来选择遗传标记。也就是，当它的突变率很高的时候，我们就不能够用来做亲子鉴定。目前法医物证选择的所有STR的突变率都是低于千分之二的。那么根据这样的约定，我们实际上可以假定，我们做案子的时候，如果遇到1个不符合遗传规律的STR，可能是发生了突变，这个时候我们遇到的概率就是千分之二，那么如果遇到两个STR都突变，此时概率是0.002*0.002=0.00004，就很低了。因此随着我们用的STR越来越多，那么我们遇到突变的概率就会越来越小，所以我们用一组STR来做的时候，如果有多个STR都不符合遗传规律，我们就更相信它是这个男子应该被排除。如果它是突变，从例子可以看出，如果有3个STR突变，我们的概率就非常非常低。多少遗传标记否定父权才能避免突变影响？
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 答案是不少于两个（2个STR 0.002*0.002=0.00004），
                </strong>
                我们不能根据1个STR就否定父权，原因是会遭遇突变，至少两个，才能说排除了。第二，有多少遗传标记排除非父才够呢？
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 我们要求它的累计非父排除概率要大于0.9995
                </strong>
                ，就是对我们目前系统的要求。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                我们看看具体的案例：
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.7360248447204969" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAib0ntlRQPbKNPVKKJbATSeibBbMZopn31zuibyOlYoQTFvxsmgodHuJrQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="322" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAib0ntlRQPbKNPVKKJbATSeibBbMZopn31zuibyOlYoQTFvxsmgodHuJrQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这个案例中，我们做了这么多的STR遗传标记，假设母亲和小孩的关系是肯定的，需要鉴定男子是不是小孩的生父。这个时候，我们看到VWA基因座上，母亲是16-18，小孩也是16-18，假定母亲如果提供16给小孩的话，他的18就要来自于生父，这个男子没有。假定母亲提供18给小孩的话，他的16就要来自于生父，这个男子也没有。所以根据这个遗传位点，是不符合遗传规律的，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 但是我们不能够仅仅根据这一个位点就排除父权，是因为可能是突变
                </strong>
                。再看看D8S1179，母亲是14-15，小孩是16，我们说了母亲和小孩的关系是肯定的，等于说你把母亲也排除了么？没有！我们说过，STR的突变率很高，而且非常符合复制滑动，母亲这里是15，很可能滑动之后变成了16，所以有可能传递给小孩，但是这个男子是13-18，也是不可能提供16的，所以这个时候，母亲已经有一个点不符合，而父亲是第二次出现不符合。再看，对于S5S818，母亲是8-10，小孩是8，母亲是可以提供8给小孩的，这时男子是7-9，再一次无法提供等位基因给小孩，这个时候是不是有3个基因座都不能提供等位基因了呢？此时我们有没有把握排除男子的父权呢？
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这是肯定有的
                </strong>
                ，这个案例说明：可能会遭遇突变，但是我们可以通过这样一种办法，通过累计位点数目，可以排除男子的父权
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                明天我们再讲一个案例
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-16 06:29:58">
              2017-02-16 06:29:58
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               婴宁（四）
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-15
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGhIrnxbGT%2F530WB0hyDyOrdF9JccWB%2FpOWTCDihAJlT80WkzYtSiksnpDUJSnB2uKpWd8P5jcYHpnwTpJESeaQM35CfJskGTV0AWOXWSfbi%2BA%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdfb2cb634ed0acb56f44ca5418c286bb13b051651c99c7abd6ba256d880f1b2e27be08d##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                吴绐之曰：“已得之矣。我以为谁何人，乃我姑氏女，即君姨妹行，今尚待聘。虽内戚有婚姻之嫌，实告之，无不谐者。”生喜溢眉宇，问：“居何里？”吴诡曰：“西南山中，去此可三十余里。”生又嘱再四，吴锐身自任而去。
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                Wang asked him how things were going,whereupon Wu
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 made up the following story
                </strong>
                ."I've found her,"he said."I was wondering who she could be.It turns out she's the daughter of my father's sister,which means she is your cousin,too.She's not engaged yet.Although it's a taboo for cousins to marry,but once they know the truth of the situation,her parents will surely agree."
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 Wang's brows relaxed and he was overjoyed
                </strong>
                ."Where does she live?"he asked.Wu said off the top of his head,"Out in the southwestern hills,about thirty li or more from here."Wang pleaded with him again and again to win this marriage for him.Wu
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 placed his hand on his che
                </strong>
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 st
                </strong>
                and said again to leave it to him,then left.
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              147#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               末代沙皇遗骨与认定父权
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-16
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGgE%2BAMn%2FRnBuhSf1CoTY8fSHNVAs4Jk9GR5RIxA28%2Batlt6LsQJyQY34KOpsjFa2GdWd8P5jcYHpnwTpJESeaQM1shTsQRrzSSwZ78Evh94gA%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf62cb634e0805f2023d582a287b424bb8019f85903861caf24ed9079ce4c557727c498##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这是另外一个案例
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.7435897435897436" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibABenJZb67MxgfDd3AkJ9FZb8qjqHVfQvJfDxOUsCQhDhxNLZ7aDooibg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="312" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibABenJZb67MxgfDd3AkJ9FZb8qjqHVfQvJfDxOUsCQhDhxNLZ7aDooibg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这个案例还是用的这些指标，做了之后，都不能够排除父权。这时候，我们看了一下累计排除概率CEP已经大于了0.9995，这个时候，我们相信，如果它是一个非父的话，它被我们的系统已经排除的足够多了。因此在这样一种情况下，我们将会进入到另外一个程序，就是认定父权的程序。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                此时，我们可以举个例子，就是俄国沙皇遗骨的STR鉴定
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.6323024054982818" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAUamUgxH5nyYfPy1XWlYethqNqMTOfDHCw3fyArB9HJciapl9xv8yjOA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="291" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAUamUgxH5nyYfPy1XWlYethqNqMTOfDHCw3fyArB9HJciapl9xv8yjOA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                大家知道，俄国沙皇是在1918年的时候，被处决的，当时尸体埋在乌拉尔山，后来在上世纪90年代，就有人去寻找沙皇的遗骨，最后找到之后，虽然经过了颅像瞳扩的分析，但是毕竟不是一种直接证据，所以俄国委托英国的法庭科学服务中心来做DNA分析。以上是Peter.Gill在1994年发表在Nature Genetics上的一个文章，当时列举了5个STR，包括VWA，TH01都是大家非常熟悉的。当时对这样一个骨骼的鉴定，要解决这样几个问题。第一个：这一堆骨骼中，是不是一家人。要解决一家人，要看哪些是男的，哪些是女的，这对于法医人类学是比较简单的，可以根据骨盆的结构都可以分析出来。第二个：弄清了男女，就必须弄清楚哪些是小孩，哪些是父母。通过人类学的分析，发现1、3、4、5骨骼都是女性，只有2号骨骼是男性的。根据历史文献记载，当时被处决的是沙皇，加上皇后和三个女儿。所以通过STR来鉴定呢，大家会看到，假定第2个骨骼是父亲，第5个骨骼是母亲的话，从TH01可以看见，母亲提供8给小孩3，那这个小孩的10就要来自于生父，而这名男子能够提供10。而对于小孩2来讲，她的8来自于母亲的话，她的7就要来自于生父，这种情况下，是符合遗传规律的。可以把四个基因座都判断一遍，发现都是符合的。这种情况下，可以推测出2号骨骼是父亲，5号骨骼是母亲的。但是这时候并不一定能判断出，2号就是沙皇，为什么呢？因为他也可能是俄罗斯的农场主，所以当年就采取了另外一种办法，就是除了用我们的STR，还用了序列分析中的线粒体来分析，能够对陈旧骨、高腐败或焚烧残骸以及单根毛干的检测成功率比核DNA高，还可以对共同的母系祖先进行分析，实现隔代鉴定。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这个问题，我们今后再讲。谢谢大家！
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              148#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-16 06:30:21">
              2017-02-16 06:30:21
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               婴宁（五）
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                2017-02-16
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGg5krOGfPKc7Wb1ckY4lJ0EWxWCV8s8SPwRaKDJV0ztCM19P1Q6tmzqPwaXHRCnlUpWd8P5jcYHpnwTpJESeaQMrhgHoQ6ehth9xlDoIpZQ6w%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf62cb634e0f84cc6d496ef11b25d7317fee7d119566b2990e942355a789b6cc7b4b702##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                生由是饮食渐加，日就平复。探视枕底，花虽枯，未便凋落。凝思把玩，如见其人。怪吴不至，折柬招之。吴支托不肯赴招。生恚怒，悒悒不欢。
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
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                Wang began to take in more food and his health recovered day by day.He took out the plum blossom branch from under his pillow.Although the flowers had withered,the petals hadn't fallen off.He held it in his hand and looked at it
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                 admiringly
                </strong>
                ,as if the girl of his dream were right there before him.He complained about Wu's not showing up again.He wrote him a letter inviting him to come,but Wu declined on the pretext that he had something else to do.Wang was angry and unhappy.
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              149#
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             <span class="gn " title="［S803］树藤-水利-武">
              ［S803］树藤-水...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-22 17:18:09">
              2017-02-22 17:18:09
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              我的妈呀，法医，请受在下一拜（｡ò ∀ ó｡）
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              刷了诸多帖，你的风格前无古人呀，哈哈哈。
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              说书，预知后事，请听下回分解。
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              150#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S597]村儿俐－学生－">
              [S597]村儿俐－学...
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              2017-02-22 23:25:39
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              从你的第一条帖子刷到最后，找到了一些动力，我是一名大四学生，即将毕业，也签到了工作，但是总感觉不能止步于此。看到你上面分析的必须考研的四点认知，更加坚定了我的想法，现在行动还为时不晚。哈哈~期待你的更新。
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              <h2 style="margin:0px 0px 14px;padding:0px 0px 10px;font-weight:400;font-size:24px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(231, 231, 235);font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif">
               STR银染实验
              </h2>
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-17
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGgtdMfHZr4oh5Yd%2BeN5u5o4eBUQJ2tY4evp2eZZGL1PUH7Ubd5vsRu3N04lfMit%2FaBXqNoxFn9J%2FuB30sw8GubE3U%2FucfcbdSE2dS7A4B%2BVMw%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf72cb634e1fe8552e2e1872cf6e70d0fa93dab5eea0deaf25ebd11eb9da37ace1cbe35##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                今天我们主要讲一讲长度多态性的STR银染实验。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                实验的原理我们之前见过了，段串联重复序列是广泛存在于人类基因组中的一类具有长度多态性的DNA序列。我们采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAG)作为筛选的介质，它是有丙烯酰胺（Acr）和亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（Bis）聚合而成。线性双链DNA片段的电泳迁移率与分子量的对数成反比关系，短片段的电泳速度较快，长片段的较慢，据此可分离不同长度的DNA片段。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                本次实验所采用的主要试剂有：10*TBE缓冲液，0.5*TBE缓冲液，凝胶浓度为6%的非变性PAG胶液，10%的过硫酸胺，STR*2载样缓冲液，10mg/ml的硫代硫酸钠（
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 海波，非晶体，想起来了么
                </strong>
                ）溶液，10%的醋酸溶液，硝酸银溶液，碳酸钠显色液。主要仪器是：PCR扩增剂，微量移液器，电泳仪，垂直电泳槽，垂直电泳配套设备（如玻璃板，梳子和边条）、微量进样器、显色盘、台式水平脱色摇床
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                首先，我们应该制备PAG凝胶：将两块玻璃板用清洁液洗干净，之后分别用蒸馏水和自来水冲洗晾干，将晾干的玻璃板边缘套上边条，固定在电泳槽中。然后我们取适量的胶浓度6%胶粘度5%的PAG胶液，加入适量的10%的过硫酸胺和TEMED，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这是促进聚合的一些试剂
                </strong>
                ，混匀之后缓缓注入两块玻璃板间的腔隙中，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 注意不要产生气泡
                </strong>
                ，注满后水平或接近水平放置，插入梳子，精置于室温聚合40min-1h。等到凝胶完全聚合（此时在梳子下方可见折射率不同的纹线）之后，小心拔出梳子，立即用蒸馏水或去离子水冲洗加样孔。放置固定好凝胶板和电泳槽之后，将电泳槽内注满0.5*TBE缓冲液。将PCR扩增产物与等量STR2*载样缓冲液混匀后，用微量进样器吸取2-3ul小心加入到加样孔底部（注意不要产生气泡）。加样完成之后，我们加上电极，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 加样测接负极，另一侧接正极
                </strong>
                。一般以10-20V/cm的电压进行电泳，直到溴酚蓝泳动到接近玻璃板下边缘时终止。完成电泳之后，我们倒掉电泳槽里的电泳缓冲液，从电泳槽上取下玻璃板，取下边条后，平放，用钢尺从玻璃板的一角小心撬开玻璃板，此时凝胶一般会随机粘附于其中一块玻璃板上。根据扩增产物的大小及溴酚蓝和二甲苯青的FF的相对位置，大致判断扩增产物所在的不为后，用钢尺切去其余部位的凝胶，用钢尺切去扩增产物
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 所在区域
                </strong>
                的凝胶的一角作为方向标记后，再用钢尺小心将凝胶剥离至显色盘内。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这时候，凝胶的电泳就完成了。
                </strong>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                显色的步骤是这样的，向显色盘中加入10%的醋酸固定20min后，将10%的醋酸倒至玻璃瓶或烧杯中以备终止显色用。在固定凝胶之后，我们用蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶2-3次，每次2min。这时候可以加入硝酸银溶液，将显色盘置于台式水平脱色摇床上，室温摇动30min之后倒掉，这个步骤主要将Ag+与DNA分子进行结合，蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶约10s之后迅速倒掉。此时我们迅速加入预冷的碳酸钠显色液显色后，将显色盘置于台式水平脱色摇床上摇动，直至谱带显现。将步骤1回收的10%醋酸加入到碳酸钠显色液中以终止显色，5min后倒掉。用蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶2min，这时候我们的整个实验就完成了。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                明天我们讲一讲如何分析银染的结果
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              2017-02-23 06:57:20
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               STR银染实验
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                2017-02-17
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                费加罗的表弟
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                今天我们主要讲一讲长度多态性的STR银染实验。
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                实验的原理我们之前见过了，段串联重复序列是广泛存在于人类基因组中的一类具有长度多态性的DNA序列。我们采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAG)作为筛选的介质，它是有丙烯酰胺（Acr）和亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（Bis）聚合而成。线性双链DNA片段的电泳迁移率与分子量的对数成反比关系，短片段的电泳速度较快，长片段的较慢，据此可分离不同长度的DNA片段。
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                本次实验所采用的主要试剂有：10*TBE缓冲液，0.5*TBE缓冲液，凝胶浓度为6%的非变性PAG胶液，10%的过硫酸胺，STR*2载样缓冲液，10mg/ml的硫代硫酸钠（
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 海波，非晶体，想起来了么
                </strong>
                ）溶液，10%的醋酸溶液，硝酸银溶液，碳酸钠显色液。主要仪器是：PCR扩增剂，微量移液器，电泳仪，垂直电泳槽，垂直电泳配套设备（如玻璃板，梳子和边条）、微量进样器、显色盘、台式水平脱色摇床
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                首先，我们应该制备PAG凝胶：将两块玻璃板用清洁液洗干净，之后分别用蒸馏水和自来水冲洗晾干，将晾干的玻璃板边缘套上边条，固定在电泳槽中。然后我们取适量的胶浓度6%胶粘度5%的PAG胶液，加入适量的10%的过硫酸胺和TEMED，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这是促进聚合的一些试剂
                </strong>
                ，混匀之后缓缓注入两块玻璃板间的腔隙中，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 注意不要产生气泡
                </strong>
                ，注满后水平或接近水平放置，插入梳子，精置于室温聚合40min-1h。等到凝胶完全聚合（此时在梳子下方可见折射率不同的纹线）之后，小心拔出梳子，立即用蒸馏水或去离子水冲洗加样孔。放置固定好凝胶板和电泳槽之后，将电泳槽内注满0.5*TBE缓冲液。将PCR扩增产物与等量STR2*载样缓冲液混匀后，用微量进样器吸取2-3ul小心加入到加样孔底部（注意不要产生气泡）。加样完成之后，我们加上电极，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 加样测接负极，另一侧接正极
                </strong>
                。一般以10-20V/cm的电压进行电泳，直到溴酚蓝泳动到接近玻璃板下边缘时终止。完成电泳之后，我们倒掉电泳槽里的电泳缓冲液，从电泳槽上取下玻璃板，取下边条后，平放，用钢尺从玻璃板的一角小心撬开玻璃板，此时凝胶一般会随机粘附于其中一块玻璃板上。根据扩增产物的大小及溴酚蓝和二甲苯青的FF的相对位置，大致判断扩增产物所在的不为后，用钢尺切去其余部位的凝胶，用钢尺切去扩增产物
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 所在区域
                </strong>
                的凝胶的一角作为方向标记后，再用钢尺小心将凝胶剥离至显色盘内。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这时候，凝胶的电泳就完成了。
                </strong>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                显色的步骤是这样的，向显色盘中加入10%的醋酸固定20min后，将10%的醋酸倒至玻璃瓶或烧杯中以备终止显色用。在固定凝胶之后，我们用蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶2-3次，每次2min。这时候可以加入硝酸银溶液，将显色盘置于台式水平脱色摇床上，室温摇动30min之后倒掉，这个步骤主要将Ag+与DNA分子进行结合，蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶约10s之后迅速倒掉。此时我们迅速加入预冷的碳酸钠显色液显色后，将显色盘置于台式水平脱色摇床上摇动，直至谱带显现。将步骤1回收的10%醋酸加入到碳酸钠显色液中以终止显色，5min后倒掉。用蒸馏水或去离子水洗涤凝胶2min，这时候我们的整个实验就完成了。
               </p>
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                明天我们讲一讲如何分析银染的结果
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               婴宁（六）
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                2017-02-17
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                费加罗的表弟
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                母虑其复病，急为议姻；略与商榷，辄摇首不愿。惟日盼吴。吴迄无耗，益怨恨之。转思三十里非遥，何必仰息他人？怀梅袖中，负气自往，而家人不知也。
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                Fearing
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                 a recurrence of
                </strong>
                the illness,his mother was eager to find him a wife,but every time she mentioned it,Wang would shake his head.Every day,he waited anxiously for Wu to come,but there was no word from him,and Wang felt even more resentment against him.One day,it suddenly occurred to him that thirty li wasn't really very far,so why ask someone else to go?He hid the flower in his sleeve and went off by himself in a fit of pique,without telling anyone in the house.
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              费加罗你好～今天打开了你的帖子觉得眼前一亮，先是为你考研、背诵英译文的经历感到为之一振，再看你平时成长帖记录觉得：哇塞，好棒！最有意思的就是将各种讲话与政治知识点联系在一起，还有拿发展基地与外交政策相联系。相信在你的强大行动力下，你所期望的都能实现～
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              155#
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             <span class="gn " title="【S482】清泉_教育_山">
              【S482】清泉_教...
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              2017-02-28 16:06:33
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             感觉数学老师，法医都很厉害呀！我数学不好，所以对数学好的人都很佩服。2017，愿你越来越好！
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               STR银染实验的结果分析
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-18
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               <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=YdO4I62HO8nJ%2FT8qy1DLAIMOi8JrOHtnWx3BYZIhefE4vR%2BS6NZQeSS8XHz2EN9dIqUKQnPIkSUxZMYOJCbAxhxVWB88X4XFsPRVU0dsJMWySPJytD84jUjJBAnygm1l75X%2F4kP7DYZezvitzZ7byw%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf12cb634e7341b9d03ab3b22451529bd2884433429a3315041cb8d32b091d0650dcc49##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                看到凝胶显色之后，凝胶上呈现的黑褐色条带就是我们所说的扩增产物DNA，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 在从负极到正极迁移的时候，片段大的DNA分子迁移的远，片段小的分子迁移的近
                </strong>
                。纯合子为1条带，杂合子为2条带。根据各基因座等位基因分型标准物判断各样本的类型
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                在整个过程中，大家需要注意，首先，PCR扩增过程中可能会有stutter产物出现，需要进行鉴别，以避免误判。其次，在每一次电泳中，应该加入等位基因分型标准物作为判刑的依据。再次，玻璃板在清洗过程中， 一定要清洗干净，否则电泳后剥离凝胶过程中，不同部位的凝胶会粘连在玻璃板上，难以剥离。再次，
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 灌胶的时候，一定不要产生气泡，否则电泳时候会因气泡的影响导致电流不均匀影响分离效果。再次，取出梳子之后，必须彻底冲洗加样孔，否则梳子所留存的少量PAG胶液会在加样孔中聚合，产生不规则的表面，引起DNA条带变形。再次，0%的过硫酸胺溶液不用时应置于4摄氏度冰箱保存，且使用时间不宜过久，否则影响凝胶聚合。再次，电泳缓冲液也可使用1*TBE缓冲液，但此时配制PAG胶液时也应相一致，也就是凝胶配制和TBE缓冲液的浓度是一致的，使PAG胶液中也含1*TBE缓冲液。再次，应根据扩增产物的大小选择不同浓度的PAG，以达到最佳的分离效果。最后，在显色过程中，碳酸钠显色应预冷至4-10摄氏度，尤其是环境气温较高时候，否则因化学反应较快，难以控制显色效果。
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                 完成实验之后，大家需要思考一个问题。常见的电泳影响因素有哪些？
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                明天我们开始实验
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               婴宁（七）
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                2017-02-18
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               <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=YdO4I62HO8nJ%2FT8qy1DLAIMOi8JrOHtnWx3BYZIhefFshebd%2BtwCVdguGPDKKprcsKqWho%2BrVJURGCmubRxn1uh4%2Bp%2FZh87gQFWAkHbpFwuySPJytD84jUjJBAnygm1lX02W0%2B1Fkj3URZgJFeDfqQ%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf12cb634e7a88734248c8734cef1c851373ab82e3d1cc792191c19325ed7768ece7526##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                伶仃独步，无可问程，但望南山行去。约三十余里，乱山合沓，空翠爽肌，寂无人行，止有鸟道。遥望谷底，丛花乱树中，隐隐有小里落。下山入村，见舍宇无多，皆茅屋，而意甚修雅。
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                Alone and with no one to ask for the way,Wang headed straight for the southern hills.After about thirty li,he found himself surrounded by endless mountain rages,covered wiht greenery.The scenery soothed his whole body.The place was very quiet with not a single passer-by and only a narrow,precarious path that seemed unnegotiable except by birds.In the distance,at the bottom of the valley,he could see vaguely a smll village nestled among flowers and trees.He made his way down the hill and entered the village.There were not many houses and they were all thatched huts,but set in a lovely,quiet environment.
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                这一段环境描写很优美，但是也让人能感到冷清幽静中，带有浓浓的阴气
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              158#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-03-03 20:45:30">
              2017-03-03 20:45:30
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               STR银染实验的示范 重点在最后一句最后一句最后一句！
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                2017-02-19
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               <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=YdO4I62HO8nJ%2FT8qy1DLAIMOi8JrOHtnWx3BYZIhefHB6H8gi0yHygpbp2UfgwVMAPX8%2BJBv4MyT5pw%2B0%2BqDnublzO6fIZW%2FqgUoAJ93Lu%2BySPJytD84jUjJBAnygm1liBnciH0kptW94j5I9eMN5g%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdf32cb634e58ed6d0e383fa34adce97a3f272c280687ea82857d366a2b9bc99a5c0039a##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.8329355608591885" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibA33a4o30VtOViagyuAfjedhphsJ0umwCa8MlZSurPydLSt3k0wu4BxkA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="419" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibA33a4o30VtOViagyuAfjedhphsJ0umwCa8MlZSurPydLSt3k0wu4BxkA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                现在我们进行的是STR银染实验，首先这是一个已经安装好的电泳槽，分为三个部分，两个部分装入缓冲液，中间是凝胶部分。凝胶部分是由边条，两个玻璃板和梳子构成，我们今天所使用的TBE是0.5*的TBE，我们应该取适量的胶粘度为5%胶浓度为6%的配给胶液，大约30-40ul，分别加入10%的过硫酸胺和TEMED以催化凝胶过程，TEMED应该保存在棕色瓶中
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.7769028871391076" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAw6eoT9055kUa4T8xA4YjMtm10rvQT2JgSjjjTtWRWGUq1NdhJaVHicQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="381" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAw6eoT9055kUa4T8xA4YjMtm10rvQT2JgSjjjTtWRWGUq1NdhJaVHicQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                加入催化剂之后混匀，由电泳槽的阳极侧，加入配好的凝胶液，缓缓放倒，凝胶液将会由底部空隙，进入到两个玻璃板之间。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.5974025974025974" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibApRgxR8otBPjIUFVFz9caQR0Eo9yHFPeibFoXjpwezzN5BRwyviaaXLLg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="385" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibApRgxR8otBPjIUFVFz9caQR0Eo9yHFPeibFoXjpwezzN5BRwyviaaXLLg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                玻璃板应该清洗干净，以避免在凝胶液在侵入玻璃板间隙的时候产生气泡。当凝胶液接近梳子和玻璃板边缘时，即可。
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                凝胶在室温聚合40min以后，已经达到了完全聚合的程度，可以将电泳槽直立，分别在两边加入电泳缓冲液
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="1.6108108108108108" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAUj0v2ZWvn8dXGqwjUZy9WR6TYZj42UPnv9MB0l87g6OzYPRtuEu3Vg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="370" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAUj0v2ZWvn8dXGqwjUZy9WR6TYZj42UPnv9MB0l87g6OzYPRtuEu3Vg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                电泳缓冲液加完之后，取出梳子。然后冲洗每一个加样孔。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="1.118942731277533" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibArJSo5ZnMWkaakZUzFhXTJmGWf7ic9zpsm12szX0aico6FePNnnRhwicpg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="227" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibArJSo5ZnMWkaakZUzFhXTJmGWf7ic9zpsm12szX0aico6FePNnnRhwicpg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                加样孔冲洗完毕之后，可以一次性加入已经混有载样缓冲液的样本，以及等位基因ladder和marker。加样完成之后，就可以将电源线连在电泳槽上进行电泳。电泳完成之后，取下电源，将缓冲液倒掉。然后拆开电泳槽，将玻璃夹板中的凝胶用工具取下，放入显色盘中。用10%的醋酸将凝胶固定10-20min。
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.4948453608247423" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAGicIFfsNQHwdFIsfcsYV8XTpZcKQA37lNdRBAKvBcLaf2miczbdj5pIg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="291" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAGicIFfsNQHwdFIsfcsYV8XTpZcKQA37lNdRBAKvBcLaf2miczbdj5pIg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                固定完成之后，将10%的醋酸倒掉，使用蒸馏水进行清洗2-3次，每次2-3min。清洗完成之后，加入硝酸银染色液进行染色30min。染色完成之后，将染色液倒掉。使用蒸馏水清洗2-3次。清洗完成之后，加入氢氧化钠或碳酸氢钠显色液进行显色。肉眼观察显色结果，当显色结果满意之后，加入醋酸终止显色反应
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.4460227272727273" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAjG3SgdLhibhpqkLxtNMcUDOSmzhbyy3Y2y3B6mjUiabuM9Ev54viaLEDg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="352" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3B8mIUsgILgJOTtQQicBS7ibAjG3SgdLhibhpqkLxtNMcUDOSmzhbyy3Y2y3B6mjUiabuM9Ev54viaLEDg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                终止显色之后，将胶取出，进行分析。至此STR银染分析结束
               </p>
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                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 同学们，学会了么？学会了也没有用，反正你也没有这些仪器...
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              159#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-03-03 20:45:47">
              2017-03-03 20:45:47
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               望天门山
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               2017-02-19 费加罗的表弟
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               天门中断楚江开
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               碧水东流至此回
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               两岸青山相对出
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               孤帆一片日边来
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               <br/>
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               Mount heaven's gate viewed from afar
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               <br/>
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               Breaking Mount Heaven's Gate,the great River rolls through
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               Green billows eastward flow and here turn to the north
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               From both sides of the River thrust out the cliffs blue
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               Leaving the sun behind,a lonely sail comes forth
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              STR自动分型实验
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               2017-02-20
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              <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=YdO4I62HO8nJ%2FT8qy1DLAIMOi8JrOHtnWx3BYZIhefEHTLt%2BxPLq5NbfHZNIXb1qH7WeF3rTD%2FxRJBlVk9tvNHqRLFwH2wjlubR5J2kgkaSySPJytD84jUjJBAnygm1l6xv9vKmbEBi81gQQ0pqwpg%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bd0a2cb6341c34aa519345897889f40772261ba99b72f3cc814e072ca2956fbe6f5b6688##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
               费加罗的表弟
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               首先我们讲一讲实验原理。第一个，利用不同的荧光染料标记引物，将多个扩增条件相近的基因座在一个PCR反应体系中同时扩增，以满足实际检案对微量检材的用量和检测时间的要求，因为我们可以同时扩增多个位点，还可以减少对微量检材的用量。根据荧光检测复合扩增体系的原则，同一荧光素标记的各基因座间扩增产物片段大小不能重叠，但是不同荧光染料标记的基因座间扩增产物片段大小可以重叠，
               <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                因为不同的荧光染料颜色可以进行区分。
               </strong>
              </p>
              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               这次实验主要采用的仪器设备有：基因座系统，Hi-Di（TM）甲酰胺、POP-4胶、10*电泳缓冲液、Matrix Standards、Size Standard或Internal Lane Standard(ILS)600。PCR扩增仪，毛细管电泳分析仪，超净工作台、漩涡振荡器、冰箱、微量移液器
              </p>
              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               开始实验之前，首先进行样本准备。我们已经获得了PCR的产物，按照以下组分将内标（ILS）和甲酰胺进行混合（1ul ILS600*电泳样本量+24ul 甲酰胺*电泳样本量），制备上样缓冲液。然后漩涡震荡10-15s将其混匀。取25ul甲酰胺/ILS混合缓冲液与1ul扩增产物混合。混合之后，再将另外的25ul甲酰胺/ILS混合缓冲液与1u试剂盒提供的等位基因ladder混合。这样就获得了扩增产物上样准备的液体，和等位基因ladder上样准备的液体。大家观察一下混合之后的液体，如果有气泡需要进行简单的离心，以去除气泡，将准备好的样本置于95摄氏度变性3min，立即放在冰上冷却3min，之后尽快在遗传分析仪上进行电泳。将样品置于合适的自动进样托盘上，将自动进样托盘置于仪器上，关上仪器门。这样，样本准备的步骤就完成了。
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                                    <textarea rows="6" cols="80" name="rfContent" id="vrrmessage_<%= replyData.pId %>" toPId="<%= replyData.pId %>" pId="0" class="vrrmessage pt" tabindex="12" style="height:20px" placeholder="我来说一句"></textarea>
                                </div>
                                <div class="btns_out"><div class="btns mtn"><label class="nlg_button_wrapper" style="display:none"><button tabindex="5" class="rp_btn fright nmr nlg_btn rffastpostsubmit" id="rffastpostsubmit_<%= replyData.pId %>" toPId="<%= replyData.pId %>" pId="0" type="submit" disabled="disabled">回复</button></label></div></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        
                        <% } %>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bopt mtm">
                        <% if (replyData.editorUid && replyData.editTime) { %><p class="edhistory fright">此帖于 <%= replyData.fLastEditTime %> 被编辑</p><% } %>
                        <%if (!replyData.pId) {%>
                        <ul id="p_btn">
                        <li class="<% if (!replyData.isLiked) { %>likethread<% } %>"><a id="likeThread" href="javascript:;" tId="13"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/<% if (replyData.isLiked) { %>pic_zaned.png<% } else { %>pic_zan.png<% } %>" width="20px" height="17px" align="absmiddle"><span id="likePerson"<% if (replyData.likeNum < 1) { %> style="display:none;"<% } %>><span id="likeNum"><%= replyData.likeNum %></span></span>赞</a></li>
                            <li class="share"><a href="javascript:;"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/pic_share.png" width="16px" height="16px" align="absmiddle"> 分享到</a></li>
                            <li class="post"><a href="javascript:;" class="treply"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/pic_reply.png" width="20px" height="17px" align="absmiddle"> 发言</a></li>
                        </ul>
                        <% } %>
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                </td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</div>
  </script>
  <script id="tmpl_reply" type="text/html">
   <div class="postblock" start="<%= preStart %>" to="<%= nextStart %>">
<% for (i in replyList) { %>
<% if (!isPostExist(replyList[i].pId)) { %>
<% include('tmpl_reply_node', {'replyData':replyList[i]}) %>
<% } %>
<% } %>
</div>
  </script>
  <script id="tmpl_recentMsg" type="text/html">
   <% if (!floorNotice.isItem) { %>
 <div id="floorNotice_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="mbm reply-n-item">
     <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
         <tbody>
             <tr>
                 <td class="pls">
                     <img class="laba" src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/laba.png">
                 </td>
                 <td class="plc">
                     <div class="pct">
                        <% } %>
                        <div id="floorNoticeItem_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="replayitem cl noborder">
                            <span><img class="hruser" width="40px" src="<% if (floorNotice.authorAvatar) { %>http://shp.qlogo.cn/qgc_avatar/<%= floorNotice.authorUid %>/<%= floorNotice.authorUid %>/50<% } else { %>http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/common/noavatar.jpg<% } %>"></span>
                            <div class="rpbox">
                                <div class="postinfo mbn ptn">
                                    <b title="<%= floorNotice.author %>"><%= cutstr(floorNotice.author, 24) %></b>
                                    <span class="posttime">回复 <em title="<%= floorNotice.toAuthor %>"><%= cutstr(floorNotice.toAuthor, 24) %></em>( <% if (floorNotice.createTime < 1490025600) { %><%= floorNotice.fCreatedTime %><% } else { %><%= substr(floorNotice.fCreatedTime, 11, 8) %><% } %> ) </span>
                                    <% if (floorNotice.authorUid == "000Cw0cGW") { %><a href="javascript:;" class="deleteFloor fright" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>">删除</a><% } else { %><a href="javascript:;" author="<%= floorNotice.author %>" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="rreplay fright">回复</a><% } %>
                                </div>
                                <div class="remessage"><%= floorNotice.message %></div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="floorReply_n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="fullvfastpost" style="display:none">
                                <div class="rpost mtm">
                                    <div class="area">
                                        <textarea rows="6" cols="80" name="rfContent" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="vrrmessage pt" tabindex="12" style="height:20px"></textarea>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="btns_out">
                                        <div class="btns mtn">
                                            <label class="nlg_button_wrapper" style="display:none"><button tabindex="5" class="rp_btn fright nmr nlg_btn rffastpostsubmit" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" type="submit" disabled="disabled">回复</button></label>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <% if (!floorNotice.isItem) { %>
                    </div>
                </td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</div>
<% } %>
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